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ThreadLocal的核心思想很简单:为每个独立的线程提供一个变量的副本。
Java提供的synchronized关键字使用了“同步锁”的机制来阻止线程的竞争访问,即“以时间换空间”。: " 10pt; FONT-SIZE:> ThreadLocal则使用了“拷贝副本”的方式,人人有份,你用你的,我用我的,大家互不影响,是“以空间换时间”。每个线程修改变量时,实际上修改的是变量的副本,不怕影响到其它线程。
为了加深对ThreadLocal的理解,下面我使用一个例子来演示ThreadLocal如何隔离线程间的变量访问和修改:
【1】SerialNum类
package example.thread.threadLocal;
public class SerialNum {
private static int nextSerialNum = 1;
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") private static ThreadLocal serialNum = new ThreadLocal() { protected synchronized Object initialValue() { return new Integer(nextSerialNum++); } };
public static int get() { return ((Integer) (serialNum.get())).intValue(); } @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") public static void set(Integer newSerial){ serialNum.set(newSerial); } }
【2】GetSerialNumThread package example.thread.threadLocal;
public class GetSerialNumThread implements Runnable {
public static void main(String args[]) {
GetSerialNumThread serialNumGetter = new GetSerialNumThread(); Thread t1 = new Thread(serialNumGetter, "Thread A"); Thread t2 = new Thread(serialNumGetter, "Thread B"); t1.start(); try { t1.join(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } t2.start(); }
public void run() { int mySerialNum = getSerialNum(); System.out.println("线程 " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 获取到的序列号是" + mySerialNum); System.out.println("线程 " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 修改了序列号为" + (mySerialNum * 3)); setSerialNum(mySerialNum * 3); System.out.println("线程 " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 再次获得的序列号是" + getSerialNum()); }
private int getSerialNum() { return SerialNum.get(); }
private void setSerialNum(int newSerialNum) { SerialNum.set(new Integer(newSerialNum)); } }
运行的结果如下:
线程 Thread A 获取到的序列号是1 线程 Thread A 修改了序列号为3 线程 Thread A 再次获得的序列号是3 线程 Thread B 获取到的序列号是2 线程 Thread B 修改了序列号为6 线程 Thread B 再次获得的序列号是6
可见第一个线程在调用SerialNum.set(int)方法修改static变量时,其实修改的是它自己的副本,而不是修改本地变量,第二个线程在初始化的时候拿到的序列号是2而不是7。
为什么会这样呢?明明serialNum是静态变量啊?其实我们只需要看看ThreadLocal的内部构造就知道了:
A. ThreadLocal的get()方法:
/** * Returns the value in the current thread's copy of this thread-local * variable. Creates and initializes the copy if this is the first time * the thread has called this method. * * @return the current thread's value of this thread-local */ public T get() { Thread t = Thread.currentThread(); ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t); if (map != null) return (T)map.get(this);
// Maps are constructed lazily. if the map for this thread // doesn't exist, create it, with this ThreadLocal and its // initial value as its only entry. T value = initialValue(); createMap(t, value); return value; }
B. ThreadLocal的set()方法: /** * Sets the current thread's copy of this thread-local variable * to the specified value. Many applications will have no need for * this functionality, relying solely on the {@link #initialValue} * method to set the values of thread-locals. * * @param value the value to be stored in the current threads' copy of * this thread-local. */ public void set(T value) { Thread t = Thread.currentThread(); ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t); if (map != null) map.set(this, value); else createMap(t, value); }
可以看到ThreadLocal在内部维护了一个Map,将变量的值和线程绑定起来,get/set方法都是对该线程对应的value进行操作,所以不会影响到其它线程。
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